esp8266 – BitWise

Virtual Radar Server

June 9, 2020November 16, 2020 paul

“What’s Up? ” revisited

The discovery that you can run Virtual Radar Server (VRS) on a Raspberry Pi triggered me to revise my What’s Up flight radar for ESP32/8266 once again. Mainly interested in aircraft within the range of my ADS-B receivers, I already preferred querying those receivers over using the adsbexchange API, especially after they removed most static metadata from their json response. This had even forced me to setup and maintain my own database for looking up fields like aircraft model, type, operator, country etc.

However, querying Virtual Radar Server on one of my PiAware receivers lets VRS do these lookups from its own up-to-date web databases! Its enriched json response, based on my own receivers’ ADS-B and MLAT reception, contains more details than the current adsbexchange API. Besides, unlike adsbexchange, a local VRS doesn’t mind to be queried once every second! Using VRS as the primary source, I can always choose to find possibly filtered out ‘sensitive’ aircraft by querying adsbexchange as well.

A quick prototype on an ESP32 and a 2.4″ TFT display finally shows flicker free icon movement after applying some display techniques from earlier projects.

My smartphone doesn’t like filming TFT displays…

While simultaneously running the old adsbexchange version and this new one, I noticed that the new version showed more aircraft, especially nearby aircraft at low flight levels. This is surprising, since adsbexchange.com claims to provide unfiltered data and they should be aware of those those missing aircraft because I feed them!

Anticipating a future project (“Automatic Plane Spotter“), the new version also keeps track of the nearest aircraft’s position, expressed in azimuth and elevation. This will be used for driving the stepper motors of a pan-tilt camera mount that I’m currently building.

Web images on TFT

May 17, 2020June 7, 2020 paul

“Bodmer vs Bodmer…”

Looking for a fast way to have an ESP32 download and show web images on a TFT display, I came accross the very fast TJpg_Decoder library^* on Github. It’s by Bodmer (the guy deserves a statue) and integrates nicely with his TFT_eSPI library.

One of the library’s examples shows how to download a jpg image to a file in SPIFFS, and then decode and render it to a 320×240 TFT display. Rendering time is impressive, but I managed to make it 10% faster by rendering from RAM instead of SPIFFS.

The sketch at the end of this post shows the essential steps. It pushes a 320×240 web image to the display 2x faster than my older sketches, that use the JPEGDecoder library (also by Bodmer!). Another difference from my earlier sketches is the use of the HTTPClient library. It takes away the hassle of dealing with http headers and chunked-encoded response.

By the way: after rendering the jpg file to the display, you can still copy it from the array to a file in SPIFFS or on SD card for later use. This only takes a single line of extra code.

There is something that I noticed while measuring this library’s speed on ESP32 boards with PSRAM. Sketches that were compiled with PSRAM Enabled rendered almost 15% slower than the same sketch with PSRAM disabled, even if PSRAM wasn’t used at all. This is not necessarily related to the library; it could also be a general PSRAM issue. Luckily, since jpg images for small TFT displays will likely fit inside RAM (even for many ESP8266 boards), there’s no need to enable PSRAM, unless your program needs it for other purposes. Make sure that BUFFSIZE fits in RAM and is large enough to hold your jpg files.

As for grabbing other image formats (gif, bmp, png…) and resizing: most hobbyists will have access to a (local or hosted) webserver with php. Thanks to very powerful php graphic libraries, only a few lines of php code can take care of converting any common image format to jpg, and send it (resized, rotated, cropped, sharpened, blurred or whatever) to your ESP for rendering. If that’s not an option, then this new library can still reduce the size of an image by a factor 2, 4 or 8 by calling function TJpgDec.setJpgScale() with the desired factor as parameter.

Below is an adapted and stripped version of Bodmer’s example, using an array instead of SPIFFS. Make sure to select the right setup for the TFT_eSPI library before compiling. Some boards also require you to explicitely switch on the backlight in your sketch.

#define WIFI_SSID "<your SSID>"
#define PASSWORD "<your password>"

#include <TJpg_Decoder.h>
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <HTTPClient.h>
#include <TFT_eSPI.h>

TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();

#define BUFSIZE 40000 
uint8_t* jpgbuffer;
unsigned long jp = 0;

bool tft_output(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t w, uint16_t h, uint16_t* bitmap) {
  if ( y >= tft.height() ) return 0;
  tft.pushImage(x, y, w, h, bitmap);
  return 1;
}

void setup() {
  jpgbuffer = (uint8_t *) malloc (BUFSIZE);
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  tft.begin();
  tft.setRotation(1);
  tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);

  TJpgDec.setJpgScale(1);
  TJpgDec.setSwapBytes(true);
  TJpgDec.setCallback(tft_output);

  WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, PASSWORD);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(1000);
    Serial.print(".");
  }
  Serial.println();
  uint32_t t = millis();
  bool loaded_ok = getFile("http://dellascolto.com/lorenz.jpg", jpgbuffer); 
  t = millis() - t;
  if (loaded_ok) {
    Serial.print("Downloaded in "); Serial.print(t); Serial.println(" ms."); 
  }
  
  t = millis();
  TJpgDec.drawJpg(0, 0, jpgbuffer, jp);
  t = millis() - t;
  Serial.print("Decoding and rendering: "); Serial.print(t); Serial.println(" ms."); 
}

void loop() {
  
}

bool getFile(String url, uint8_t* jpgbuffer) {
  Serial.println("Downloading file from " + url);
  if ((WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)) {
    HTTPClient http;
    http.begin(url);
    int httpCode = http.GET();
    if (httpCode > 0) {
      if (httpCode == HTTP_CODE_OK) {
        int total = http.getSize();
        int len = total;
        uint8_t buff[128] = { 0 };
        WiFiClient * stream = http.getStreamPtr();
        while (http.connected() && (len > 0 || len == -1)) {
          size_t size = stream->available();
          if (size) {
            int c = stream->readBytes(buff, ((size > sizeof(buff)) ? sizeof(buff) : size));
            memcpy (jpgbuffer + jp, buff, c);
            jp = jp + c;
            if (len > 0) {
              len -= c;
            }
          }
          yield();
        }
        Serial.println();
        Serial.print("[HTTP] connection closed or file end.\n");
      }
    }
    else {
      Serial.printf("[HTTP] GET... failed, error: %s\n", http.errorToString(httpCode).c_str());
    }
    http.end();
  }
  return 1; 
}

#define WIFI_SSID "<your SSID>"

#define PASSWORD "<your password>"

#include <TJpg_Decoder.h>

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <HTTPClient.h>

#include <TFT_eSPI.h>

TFT_eSPI tft = TFT_eSPI();

#define BUFSIZE 40000

uint8_t* jpgbuffer;

unsigned long jp = 0;

bool tft_output(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t w, uint16_t h, uint16_t* bitmap) {

if ( y >= tft.height() ) return 0;

tft.pushImage(x, y, w, h, bitmap);

return 1;

}

void setup() {

jpgbuffer = (uint8_t *) malloc (BUFSIZE);

Serial.begin(115200);

tft.begin();

tft.setRotation(1);

tft.fillScreen(TFT_BLACK);

TJpgDec.setJpgScale(1);

TJpgDec.setSwapBytes(true);

TJpgDec.setCallback(tft_output);

WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, PASSWORD);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(1000);

Serial.print(".");

}

Serial.println();

uint32_t t = millis();

bool loaded_ok = getFile("http://dellascolto.com/lorenz.jpg", jpgbuffer);

t = millis() - t;

if (loaded_ok) {

Serial.print("Downloaded in "); Serial.print(t); Serial.println(" ms.");

}

t = millis();

TJpgDec.drawJpg(0, 0, jpgbuffer, jp);

t = millis() - t;

Serial.print("Decoding and rendering: "); Serial.print(t); Serial.println(" ms.");

}

void loop() {

}

bool getFile(String url, uint8_t* jpgbuffer) {

Serial.println("Downloading file from " + url);

if ((WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)) {

HTTPClient http;

http.begin(url);

int httpCode = http.GET();

if (httpCode > 0) {

if (httpCode == HTTP_CODE_OK) {

int total = http.getSize();

int len = total;

uint8_t buff[128] = { 0 };

WiFiClient * stream = http.getStreamPtr();

while (http.connected() && (len > 0 || len == -1)) {

size_t size = stream->available();

if (size) {

int c = stream->readBytes(buff, ((size > sizeof(buff)) ? sizeof(buff) : size));

memcpy (jpgbuffer + jp, buff, c);

jp = jp + c;

if (len > 0) {

len -= c;

}

yield();

}

Serial.println();

Serial.print("[HTTP] connection closed or file end.\n");

}

else {

Serial.printf("[HTTP] GET... failed, error: %s\n", http.errorToString(httpCode).c_str());

}

http.end();

}

return 1;

}

Output on the Serial monitor will be something like:

[HTTP] connection closed or file end.
Downloaded in 188 ms.
Decoding and rendering: 125 ms.

Too slow for your eyes? By storing decoded tiles to a display buffer in (PS)RAM instead of pushing them to the display one by one, the image can be pushed to the display in 44 ms.

On an ESP32, you can speed up the entire process by using both cores. The library has an example that lets core 0 do the decoding. Whenever it finishes a tile (usually 16×16 pixels), core 1 will push it to the display in parallel. However, this will not beat the above display buffer method with regard to the visual part of the process.

^*TJpg_Decoder uses the Tiny JPEG Decompressor engine by ChaN

“Alpenblick”

April 30, 2020July 2, 2020 paul

Currently ‘lockdown-ed’ at sea level, my thoughts often wander to the majestic heights of my beloved Alps. After visiting one of those Alpine webcam sites, I wondered if I could turn my M5Stack Fire into a handheld Alpenpanorama. Or, to reverse Francis Bacon’s words: if you can’t go to the mountain, then the mountain must come to you…

This project was a bit more challenging than expected, as showing JPEG-encoded web images on a 320×240 TFT display requires extracting, decoding and resizing binary data from a chunked-encoded http response. After two days of bit-wrestling, here’s the result:

The time interval between images was reduced for this video. Music: “Schwärzen-Polka”

At startup, the program reads a list of 60+ webcam links from my web server. This enables me to change the displayed webcams without updating the software. Once running, the middle button pauses/resumes the loop, the left button removes the currently displayed webcam from the loop and the right button restores the original webcam list.

Because these live photo webcams refresh their pictures every 10 minutes, this gadget continuously gives me an up to date view of places where I would so much rather be….

P.S. I recommend not to use the official M5Stack library. In this project, decoding jpeg images with Bodmer’s fast JPEGDecoder library became more than 3 times faster after I replaced M5Stack (that has TFT_eSPI built in) with native TFT_eSPI. This could very well be caused by their library’s interrupt based button functions that are also notorious for causing WiFi crashes.

Spectrum Analyzer Revisited

May 4, 2019April 16, 2020 paul

Encouraged by the happy ending of the Swinging Needles project, I decided to revisit an earlier audio spectrum analyzer. This time, instead of programmatically processing analog signals, I used a VS1053 plugin to let the chip do the Fourier stuff.

Before even starting to read actual frequency band values, I wanted to test my sketch by reading the plugin’s default frequency settings from VS1053’s memory. However, some of these readings made no sense at all, up to the point that I suspected a faulty chip. It took me some time to find out that the chip needs a few seconds of audio input before it will tell you something useful, even if it concerns a fixed setting like number of frequency bands.

Once the above mystery was solved, things became very straightforward. What a versatile chip this VS1053 is! While playing a 320 Kbps internet radio station, it can easily handle 14 frequency bands and let an esp8266 at 160 MHz show the results on a 128×64 Oled display.

Running the test sketch (without amplifier/speakers).

Here’s the sketch that I wrote for testing: a fixed-station internet radio (no metadata, no audio buffer), just to show a 14 band spectrum analyzer on a 128×64 SH1106 Oled display. Used pins are for the rather rare Wemos D1 R1, so you’ll probably have to change them.

// Spectrum analyzer plugin demo on a 128x64 monochrome OLED display (SH1106).
// Uses the plugin's 14 default frequency bins:
// 50, 79, 126, 200, 317, 504, 800, 1270, 2016, 3200, 5080, 8063, 12800, and 20319 Hz

#include "plugin.h"  // spectrum analyzer plugin 
#include <brzo_i2c.h>
#include "SH1106Brzo.h"
#include <SPI.h>
#include <Adafruit_VS1053.h>
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

SH1106Brzo display(0x3c, D14, D15);      // address, SDA, SCL

#define BASE 0x1800
char* ssid     = "<your_SSID";
const char* password = "<your_WiFi_password";

const char *host = "icecast.omroep.nl";
const char *path = "/radio4-bb-mp3";
int httpPort = 80;

uint32_t val;
int waarde,piek;

uint8_t mp3buff[32];   
int loopcounter = 0;

// defines are for the old Wemos D1 R1; change these for your board 
#define VS1053_RESET   -1  // connect RST pins of ESP and VS1053
#define VS1053_CS      D10 
#define VS1053_DCS     D2  // labeled 'XDCS'
#define VS1053_DREQ    D9

Adafruit_VS1053 musicPlayer =  Adafruit_VS1053(VS1053_RESET, VS1053_CS, VS1053_DCS, VS1053_DREQ);

WiFiClient client;

void drawBin(int bin_nr, int waarde, int piek) {
  display.setColor(WHITE);
  display.fillRect(9 * bin_nr - 6, 63 - 2 * waarde, 6, 2 * waarde);
  display.fillRect(9 * bin_nr - 6, 63 - 2 * piek, 6, 1);
}

void setup() {
  display.init();
  display.flipScreenVertically();
  display.clear();
  Serial.begin(115200); // for debugging
  delay(5);
  if (! musicPlayer.begin()) { // initialise the music player
    while (1) delay(10);
  }
  Serial.println("VS1053 started");
  delay(1000);
  musicPlayer.applyPatch(plugin, PLUGIN_SIZE);
  delay(200);
  yield();
  musicPlayer.setVolume(50, 50);
  delay(200);
  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(500);
  }

  if (!client.connect(host, httpPort)) {
    return;
  }

  client.print(String("GET ") + path + " HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
               "Host: " + host + "\r\n" +
               "Connection: close\r\n\r\n");
}

void loop() {
  loopcounter++;
  if (musicPlayer.readyForData()) {
    if (client.available() > 0) {
      uint8_t bytesread = client.read(mp3buff, 32);
      musicPlayer.playData(mp3buff, bytesread);
    }
  } else {
    if (loopcounter >= 2000) {  // being nice to the chip here...
      loopcounter = 0;
      musicPlayer.sciWrite(VS1053_REG_WRAMADDR, BASE + 4);
      delay(2);
      display.clear();
      for (int b = 0; b < 14; b++) {
        val = musicPlayer.sciRead(VS1053_REG_WRAM);
        delay(2);
        waarde = val & 63;
        piek = (val>>6) & 63;
        drawBin(b, waarde, piek);
      }
      display.display();
    }
  }
}

// Spectrum analyzer plugin demo on a 128x64 monochrome OLED display (SH1106).

// Uses the plugin's 14 default frequency bins:

// 50, 79, 126, 200, 317, 504, 800, 1270, 2016, 3200, 5080, 8063, 12800, and 20319 Hz

#include "plugin.h" // spectrum analyzer plugin

#include <brzo_i2c.h>

#include "SH1106Brzo.h"

#include <SPI.h>

#include <Adafruit_VS1053.h>

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

SH1106Brzo display(0x3c, D14, D15); // address, SDA, SCL

#define BASE 0x1800

char* ssid = "<your_SSID";

const char* password = "<your_WiFi_password";

const char *host = "icecast.omroep.nl";

const char *path = "/radio4-bb-mp3";

int httpPort = 80;

uint32_t val;

int waarde,piek;

uint8_t mp3buff[32];

int loopcounter = 0;

// defines are for the old Wemos D1 R1; change these for your board

#define VS1053_RESET -1 // connect RST pins of ESP and VS1053

#define VS1053_CS D10

#define VS1053_DCS D2 // labeled 'XDCS'

#define VS1053_DREQ D9

Adafruit_VS1053 musicPlayer = Adafruit_VS1053(VS1053_RESET, VS1053_CS, VS1053_DCS, VS1053_DREQ);

WiFiClient client;

void drawBin(int bin_nr, int waarde, int piek) {

display.setColor(WHITE);

display.fillRect(9 * bin_nr - 6, 63 - 2 * waarde, 6, 2 * waarde);

display.fillRect(9 * bin_nr - 6, 63 - 2 * piek, 6, 1);

}

void setup() {

display.init();

display.flipScreenVertically();

display.clear();

Serial.begin(115200); // for debugging

delay(5);

if (! musicPlayer.begin()) { // initialise the music player

while (1) delay(10);

}

Serial.println("VS1053 started");

delay(1000);

musicPlayer.applyPatch(plugin, PLUGIN_SIZE);

delay(200);

yield();

musicPlayer.setVolume(50, 50);

delay(200);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);

}

if (!client.connect(host, httpPort)) {

return;

}

client.print(String("GET ") + path + " HTTP/1.1\r\n" +

"Host: " + host + "\r\n" +

"Connection: close\r\n\r\n");

}

void loop() {

loopcounter++;

if (musicPlayer.readyForData()) {

if (client.available() > 0) {

uint8_t bytesread = client.read(mp3buff, 32);

musicPlayer.playData(mp3buff, bytesread);

}

} else {

if (loopcounter >= 2000) { // being nice to the chip here...

loopcounter = 0;

musicPlayer.sciWrite(VS1053_REG_WRAMADDR, BASE + 4);

delay(2);

display.clear();

for (int b = 0; b < 14; b++) {

val = musicPlayer.sciRead(VS1053_REG_WRAM);

delay(2);

waarde = val & 63;

piek = (val>>6) & 63;

drawBin(b, waarde, piek);

}

display.display();

}

This is the content of the plugin.h file that needs to be in the directory of the sketch:

#ifndef SKIP_PLUGIN_VARNAME
PROGMEM const unsigned short plugin[] = { /* Compressed plugin */
#endif
  0x0007, 0x0001, 0x8050, 0x0006, 0x0018, 0x3613, 0x0024, 0x3e00, /*    0 */
  0x3801, 0x0000, 0x16d7, 0xf400, 0x55c0, 0x0000, 0x0c17, 0xf400, /*    8 */
  0x57c0, 0x0007, 0x9257, 0xb080, 0x0024, 0x3f00, 0x0024, 0x2000, /*   10 */
  0x0000, 0x36f0, 0x1801, 0x2800, 0x31c0, 0x0007, 0x0001, 0x805c, /*   18 */
  0x0006, 0x00d6, 0x3e12, 0xb817, 0x3e12, 0x3815, 0x3e05, 0xb814, /*   20 */
  0x3615, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x800a, 0x3e10, 0x3801, 0x0006, 0x0000, /*   28 */
  0x3e10, 0xb803, 0x0000, 0x0303, 0x3e11, 0x3805, 0x3e11, 0xb807, /*   30 */
  0x3e14, 0x3812, 0xb884, 0x130c, 0x3410, 0x4024, 0x4112, 0x10d0, /*   38 */
  0x4010, 0x008c, 0x4010, 0x0024, 0xf400, 0x4012, 0x3000, 0x3840, /*   40 */
  0x3009, 0x3801, 0x0000, 0x0041, 0xfe02, 0x0024, 0x2900, 0x8200, /*   48 */
  0x48b2, 0x0024, 0x36f3, 0x0844, 0x6306, 0x8845, 0xae3a, 0x8840, /*   50 */
  0xbf8e, 0x8b41, 0xac32, 0xa846, 0xffc8, 0xabc7, 0x3e01, 0x7800, /*   58 */
  0xf400, 0x4480, 0x6090, 0x0024, 0x6090, 0x0024, 0xf400, 0x4015, /*   60 */
  0x3009, 0x3446, 0x3009, 0x37c7, 0x3009, 0x1800, 0x3009, 0x3844, /*   68 */
  0x48b3, 0xe1e0, 0x4882, 0x4040, 0xfeca, 0x0024, 0x5ac2, 0x0024, /*   70 */
  0x5a52, 0x0024, 0x4cc2, 0x0024, 0x48ba, 0x4040, 0x4eea, 0x4801, /*   78 */
  0x4eca, 0x9800, 0xff80, 0x1bc1, 0xf1eb, 0xe3e2, 0xf1ea, 0x184c, /*   80 */
  0x4c8b, 0xe5e4, 0x48be, 0x9804, 0x488e, 0x41c6, 0xfe82, 0x0024, /*   88 */
  0x5a8e, 0x0024, 0x525e, 0x1b85, 0x4ffe, 0x0024, 0x48b6, 0x41c6, /*   90 */
  0x4dd6, 0x48c7, 0x4df6, 0x0024, 0xf1d6, 0x0024, 0xf1d6, 0x0024, /*   98 */
  0x4eda, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0fc3, 0x2900, 0x8200, 0x4e82, 0x0024, /*   a0 */
  0x4084, 0x130c, 0x0006, 0x0100, 0x3440, 0x4024, 0x4010, 0x0024, /*   a8 */
  0xf400, 0x4012, 0x3200, 0x4024, 0xb132, 0x0024, 0x4214, 0x0024, /*   b0 */
  0xf224, 0x0024, 0x6230, 0x0024, 0x0001, 0x0001, 0x2800, 0x2b49, /*   b8 */
  0x0000, 0x0024, 0xf400, 0x40c2, 0x3200, 0x0024, 0xff82, 0x0024, /*   c0 */
  0x48b2, 0x0024, 0xb130, 0x0024, 0x6202, 0x0024, 0x003f, 0xf001, /*   c8 */
  0x2800, 0x2e51, 0x0000, 0x1046, 0xfe64, 0x0024, 0x48be, 0x0024, /*   d0 */
  0x2800, 0x2f40, 0x3a01, 0x8024, 0x3200, 0x0024, 0xb010, 0x0024, /*   d8 */
  0xc020, 0x0024, 0x3a00, 0x0024, 0x36f4, 0x1812, 0x36f1, 0x9807, /*   e0 */
  0x36f1, 0x1805, 0x36f0, 0x9803, 0x36f0, 0x1801, 0x3405, 0x9014, /*   e8 */
  0x36f3, 0x0024, 0x36f2, 0x1815, 0x2000, 0x0000, 0x36f2, 0x9817, /*   f0 */
  0x0007, 0x0001, 0x80c7, 0x0006, 0x01ae, 0x3e12, 0xb817, 0x3e12, /*   f8 */
  0x3815, 0x3e05, 0xb814, 0x3625, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x800a, 0x3e10, /*  100 */
  0x7802, 0x3e10, 0xf804, 0x3e11, 0x7810, 0x3e14, 0x7813, 0x0006, /*  108 */
  0x0051, 0x3e13, 0xf80e, 0x3e13, 0x4024, 0x3009, 0x3840, 0x3009, /*  110 */
  0x3852, 0x2911, 0xf140, 0x0006, 0x06d0, 0x3100, 0x5bd2, 0x0006, /*  118 */
  0xc351, 0x3009, 0x1bc0, 0x3009, 0x0402, 0x6126, 0x0024, 0x0006, /*  120 */
  0x00d1, 0x2800, 0x4d45, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x0011, 0xb882, /*  128 */
  0x184c, 0x3009, 0x3850, 0x0006, 0x0010, 0x3009, 0x3800, 0x2914, /*  130 */
  0xbec0, 0x0000, 0x1800, 0x0006, 0x0010, 0xb882, 0x0024, 0x2915, /*  138 */
  0x7ac0, 0x0000, 0x1700, 0x0000, 0x0301, 0x3900, 0x5bc0, 0x0006, /*  140 */
  0xc351, 0x3009, 0x1bd0, 0x3009, 0x0404, 0x0006, 0x0051, 0x2800, /*  148 */
  0x3d40, 0x3901, 0x0024, 0x4448, 0x0401, 0x4192, 0x0024, 0x6498, /*  150 */
  0x2401, 0x001f, 0x4001, 0x6412, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x0011, 0x2800, /*  158 */
  0x3c91, 0x0000, 0x058e, 0x2400, 0x4c4e, 0x0000, 0x0013, 0x0006, /*  160 */
  0x0051, 0x0006, 0x1a03, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0xf212, 0x44c4, 0x4346, /*  168 */
  0x0024, 0xf400, 0x40d5, 0x3500, 0x8024, 0x612a, 0x0024, 0x0000, /*  170 */
  0x0024, 0x2800, 0x4c91, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x3613, 0x0024, 0x3100, /*  178 */
  0x3800, 0x2915, 0x7dc0, 0xf200, 0x0024, 0x003f, 0xfec2, 0x4082, /*  180 */
  0x4411, 0x3113, 0x1bc0, 0xa122, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x2002, 0x6124, /*  188 */
  0x2401, 0x0000, 0x1002, 0x2800, 0x4648, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x003f, /*  190 */
  0xf802, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0xb124, 0x0024, 0x2800, 0x4c00, 0x3900, /*  198 */
  0x8024, 0x6124, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0802, 0x2800, 0x4888, 0x0000, /*  1a0 */
  0x0024, 0x003f, 0xfe02, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0xb124, 0x0024, 0x2800, /*  1a8 */
  0x4c00, 0x3900, 0x8024, 0x6124, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0402, 0x2800, /*  1b0 */
  0x4ac8, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x003f, 0xff02, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0xb124, /*  1b8 */
  0x0024, 0x2800, 0x4c00, 0x3900, 0x8024, 0x6124, 0x0401, 0x003f, /*  1c0 */
  0xff82, 0x2800, 0x4c08, 0xb124, 0x0024, 0x3900, 0x8024, 0xb882, /*  1c8 */
  0x8c4c, 0x3830, 0x4024, 0x0006, 0x0091, 0x3904, 0xc024, 0x0006, /*  1d0 */
  0x00d1, 0x0000, 0x0013, 0x3100, 0x904c, 0x4202, 0x0024, 0x39f0, /*  1d8 */
  0x4024, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0x3c00, 0x4024, 0xf400, 0x44c1, 0x34f0, /*  1e0 */
  0x8024, 0x6126, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x06d0, 0x2800, 0x5b98, 0x4294, /*  1e8 */
  0x0024, 0x2400, 0x5b42, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0xf400, 0x4411, 0x3123, /*  1f0 */
  0x0024, 0x3100, 0x8024, 0x4202, 0x0024, 0x4182, 0x2401, 0x0000, /*  1f8 */
  0x2002, 0x2800, 0x5b49, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x3013, 0x184c, 0x30f0, /*  200 */
  0x7852, 0x6124, 0xb850, 0x0006, 0x0001, 0x2800, 0x55c8, 0x4088, /*  208 */
  0x44c2, 0x4224, 0x0024, 0x4122, 0x0024, 0x4122, 0x0024, 0xf400, /*  210 */
  0x4051, 0x2900, 0x7200, 0x0000, 0x5708, 0x4224, 0x0024, 0x4122, /*  218 */
  0x0024, 0x4122, 0x0024, 0x2900, 0x6780, 0xf400, 0x4051, 0x0002, /*  220 */
  0x0002, 0x3009, 0x1bd0, 0x3023, 0x1bd2, 0x30e0, 0x4024, 0x6124, /*  228 */
  0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x2800, 0x5b48, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x3613, /*  230 */
  0x0024, 0x3e14, 0xc024, 0x2900, 0x1700, 0x3e14, 0x0024, 0x36e3, /*  238 */
  0x008c, 0x30e0, 0x8024, 0x6822, 0x4411, 0x3123, 0x0024, 0x3900, /*  240 */
  0x4024, 0x3033, 0x0c4c, 0x0006, 0x0011, 0x6892, 0x04c2, 0xa122, /*  248 */
  0x0402, 0x6126, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x0093, 0x2800, 0x64c1, 0x0000, /*  250 */
  0x0024, 0xb882, 0x184c, 0x3413, 0x3812, 0x0006, 0x00d2, 0x3a00, /*  258 */
  0x5bd2, 0x3300, 0x4024, 0x0000, 0x0013, 0x3c00, 0x4024, 0xf400, /*  260 */
  0x44c1, 0x34f0, 0x8024, 0x6126, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x0111, 0x2800, /*  268 */
  0x64d8, 0x4294, 0x0024, 0x2400, 0x6482, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x0003, /*  270 */
  0xf001, 0x3101, 0x0024, 0xb412, 0x0024, 0x0028, 0x0001, 0x2800, /*  278 */
  0x6485, 0x6144, 0x0024, 0x0004, 0x0002, 0x2800, 0x6441, 0x4422, /*  280 */
  0x0024, 0x0000, 0x1002, 0x6422, 0x0024, 0x2800, 0x6480, 0x3900, /*  288 */
  0x4024, 0x3900, 0x4024, 0x3113, 0x0c4c, 0x36f3, 0x4024, 0x36f3, /*  290 */
  0xd80e, 0x36f4, 0x5813, 0x36f1, 0x5810, 0x36f0, 0xd804, 0x36f0, /*  298 */
  0x5802, 0x3405, 0x9014, 0x36f3, 0x0024, 0x36f2, 0x1815, 0x2000, /*  2a0 */
  0x0000, 0x36f2, 0x9817, 0x0007, 0x0001, 0x1868, 0x0006, 0x000f, /*  2a8 */
  0x0032, 0x004f, 0x007e, 0x00c8, 0x013d, 0x01f8, 0x0320, 0x04f6, /*  2b0 */
  0x07e0, 0x0c80, 0x13d8, 0x1f7f, 0x3200, 0x4f5f, 0x61a8, 0x0006, /*  2b8 */
  0x8008, 0x0000, 0x0007, 0x0001, 0x819e, 0x0006, 0x0054, 0x3e12, /*  2c0 */
  0xb814, 0x0000, 0x800a, 0x3e10, 0x3801, 0x3e10, 0xb803, 0x3e11, /*  2c8 */
  0x7806, 0x3e11, 0xf813, 0x3e13, 0xf80e, 0x3e13, 0x4024, 0x3e04, /*  2d0 */
  0x7810, 0x449a, 0x0040, 0x0001, 0x0003, 0x2800, 0x70c4, 0x4036, /*  2d8 */
  0x03c1, 0x0003, 0xffc2, 0xb326, 0x0024, 0x0018, 0x0042, 0x4326, /*  2e0 */
  0x4495, 0x4024, 0x40d2, 0x0000, 0x0180, 0xa100, 0x4090, 0x0010, /*  2e8 */
  0x0fc2, 0x4204, 0x0024, 0xbc82, 0x4091, 0x459a, 0x0024, 0x0000, /*  2f0 */
  0x0054, 0x2800, 0x6fc4, 0xbd86, 0x4093, 0x2400, 0x6f85, 0xfe01, /*  2f8 */
  0x5e0c, 0x5c43, 0x5f2d, 0x5e46, 0x020c, 0x5c56, 0x8a0c, 0x5e53, /*  300 */
  0x5e0c, 0x5c43, 0x5f2d, 0x5e46, 0x020c, 0x5c56, 0x8a0c, 0x5e52, /*  308 */
  0x0024, 0x4cb2, 0x4405, 0x0018, 0x0044, 0x654a, 0x0024, 0x2800, /*  310 */
  0x7dc0, 0x36f4, 0x5810, 0x0007, 0x0001, 0x81c8, 0x0006, 0x0080, /*  318 */
  0x3e12, 0xb814, 0x0000, 0x800a, 0x3e10, 0x3801, 0x3e10, 0xb803, /*  320 */
  0x3e11, 0x7806, 0x3e11, 0xf813, 0x3e13, 0xf80e, 0x3e13, 0x4024, /*  328 */
  0x3e04, 0x7810, 0x449a, 0x0040, 0x0000, 0x0803, 0x2800, 0x7c84, /*  330 */
  0x30f0, 0x4024, 0x0fff, 0xfec2, 0xa020, 0x0024, 0x0fff, 0xff02, /*  338 */
  0xa122, 0x0024, 0x4036, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x1fc2, 0xb326, 0x0024, /*  340 */
  0x0010, 0x4002, 0x4326, 0x4495, 0x4024, 0x40d2, 0x0000, 0x0180, /*  348 */
  0xa100, 0x4090, 0x0010, 0x0042, 0x4204, 0x0024, 0xbc82, 0x4091, /*  350 */
  0x459a, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0054, 0x2800, 0x7b84, 0xbd86, 0x4093, /*  358 */
  0x2400, 0x7b45, 0xfe01, 0x5e0c, 0x5c43, 0x5f2d, 0x5e46, 0x0024, /*  360 */
  0x5c56, 0x0024, 0x5e53, 0x5e0c, 0x5c43, 0x5f2d, 0x5e46, 0x0024, /*  368 */
  0x5c56, 0x0024, 0x5e52, 0x0024, 0x4cb2, 0x4405, 0x0010, 0x4004, /*  370 */
  0x654a, 0x9810, 0x0000, 0x0144, 0xa54a, 0x1bd1, 0x0006, 0x0013, /*  378 */
  0x3301, 0xc444, 0x687e, 0x2005, 0xad76, 0x8445, 0x4ed6, 0x8784, /*  380 */
  0x36f3, 0x64c2, 0xac72, 0x8785, 0x4ec2, 0xa443, 0x3009, 0x2440, /*  388 */
  0x3009, 0x2741, 0x36f3, 0xd80e, 0x36f1, 0xd813, 0x36f1, 0x5806, /*  390 */
  0x36f0, 0x9803, 0x36f0, 0x1801, 0x2000, 0x0000, 0x36f2, 0x9814, /*  398 */
  0x0007, 0x0001, 0x8208, 0x0006, 0x000e, 0x4c82, 0x0024, 0x0000, /*  3a0 */
  0x0024, 0x2000, 0x0005, 0xf5c2, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0980, 0x2000, /*  3a8 */
  0x0000, 0x6010, 0x0024, 0x000a, 0x0001, 0x0050,
#define PLUGIN_SIZE 950
#ifndef SKIP_PLUGIN_VARNAME
};
#endif

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#ifndef SKIP_PLUGIN_VARNAME

PROGMEM const unsigned short plugin[] = { /* Compressed plugin */

#endif

0x0007, 0x0001, 0x8050, 0x0006, 0x0018, 0x3613, 0x0024, 0x3e00, /* 0 */

0x3801, 0x0000, 0x16d7, 0xf400, 0x55c0, 0x0000, 0x0c17, 0xf400, /* 8 */

0x57c0, 0x0007, 0x9257, 0xb080, 0x0024, 0x3f00, 0x0024, 0x2000, /* 10 */

0x0000, 0x36f0, 0x1801, 0x2800, 0x31c0, 0x0007, 0x0001, 0x805c, /* 18 */

0x0006, 0x00d6, 0x3e12, 0xb817, 0x3e12, 0x3815, 0x3e05, 0xb814, /* 20 */

0x3615, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x800a, 0x3e10, 0x3801, 0x0006, 0x0000, /* 28 */

0x3e10, 0xb803, 0x0000, 0x0303, 0x3e11, 0x3805, 0x3e11, 0xb807, /* 30 */

0x3e14, 0x3812, 0xb884, 0x130c, 0x3410, 0x4024, 0x4112, 0x10d0, /* 38 */

0x4010, 0x008c, 0x4010, 0x0024, 0xf400, 0x4012, 0x3000, 0x3840, /* 40 */

0x3009, 0x3801, 0x0000, 0x0041, 0xfe02, 0x0024, 0x2900, 0x8200, /* 48 */

0x48b2, 0x0024, 0x36f3, 0x0844, 0x6306, 0x8845, 0xae3a, 0x8840, /* 50 */

0xbf8e, 0x8b41, 0xac32, 0xa846, 0xffc8, 0xabc7, 0x3e01, 0x7800, /* 58 */

0xf400, 0x4480, 0x6090, 0x0024, 0x6090, 0x0024, 0xf400, 0x4015, /* 60 */

0x3009, 0x3446, 0x3009, 0x37c7, 0x3009, 0x1800, 0x3009, 0x3844, /* 68 */

0x48b3, 0xe1e0, 0x4882, 0x4040, 0xfeca, 0x0024, 0x5ac2, 0x0024, /* 70 */

0x5a52, 0x0024, 0x4cc2, 0x0024, 0x48ba, 0x4040, 0x4eea, 0x4801, /* 78 */

0x4eca, 0x9800, 0xff80, 0x1bc1, 0xf1eb, 0xe3e2, 0xf1ea, 0x184c, /* 80 */

0x4c8b, 0xe5e4, 0x48be, 0x9804, 0x488e, 0x41c6, 0xfe82, 0x0024, /* 88 */

0x5a8e, 0x0024, 0x525e, 0x1b85, 0x4ffe, 0x0024, 0x48b6, 0x41c6, /* 90 */

0x4dd6, 0x48c7, 0x4df6, 0x0024, 0xf1d6, 0x0024, 0xf1d6, 0x0024, /* 98 */

0x4eda, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0fc3, 0x2900, 0x8200, 0x4e82, 0x0024, /* a0 */

0x4084, 0x130c, 0x0006, 0x0100, 0x3440, 0x4024, 0x4010, 0x0024, /* a8 */

0xf400, 0x4012, 0x3200, 0x4024, 0xb132, 0x0024, 0x4214, 0x0024, /* b0 */

0xf224, 0x0024, 0x6230, 0x0024, 0x0001, 0x0001, 0x2800, 0x2b49, /* b8 */

0x0000, 0x0024, 0xf400, 0x40c2, 0x3200, 0x0024, 0xff82, 0x0024, /* c0 */

0x48b2, 0x0024, 0xb130, 0x0024, 0x6202, 0x0024, 0x003f, 0xf001, /* c8 */

0x2800, 0x2e51, 0x0000, 0x1046, 0xfe64, 0x0024, 0x48be, 0x0024, /* d0 */

0x2800, 0x2f40, 0x3a01, 0x8024, 0x3200, 0x0024, 0xb010, 0x0024, /* d8 */

0xc020, 0x0024, 0x3a00, 0x0024, 0x36f4, 0x1812, 0x36f1, 0x9807, /* e0 */

0x36f1, 0x1805, 0x36f0, 0x9803, 0x36f0, 0x1801, 0x3405, 0x9014, /* e8 */

0x36f3, 0x0024, 0x36f2, 0x1815, 0x2000, 0x0000, 0x36f2, 0x9817, /* f0 */

0x0007, 0x0001, 0x80c7, 0x0006, 0x01ae, 0x3e12, 0xb817, 0x3e12, /* f8 */

0x3815, 0x3e05, 0xb814, 0x3625, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x800a, 0x3e10, /* 100 */

0x7802, 0x3e10, 0xf804, 0x3e11, 0x7810, 0x3e14, 0x7813, 0x0006, /* 108 */

0x0051, 0x3e13, 0xf80e, 0x3e13, 0x4024, 0x3009, 0x3840, 0x3009, /* 110 */

0x3852, 0x2911, 0xf140, 0x0006, 0x06d0, 0x3100, 0x5bd2, 0x0006, /* 118 */

0xc351, 0x3009, 0x1bc0, 0x3009, 0x0402, 0x6126, 0x0024, 0x0006, /* 120 */

0x00d1, 0x2800, 0x4d45, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x0011, 0xb882, /* 128 */

0x184c, 0x3009, 0x3850, 0x0006, 0x0010, 0x3009, 0x3800, 0x2914, /* 130 */

0xbec0, 0x0000, 0x1800, 0x0006, 0x0010, 0xb882, 0x0024, 0x2915, /* 138 */

0x7ac0, 0x0000, 0x1700, 0x0000, 0x0301, 0x3900, 0x5bc0, 0x0006, /* 140 */

0xc351, 0x3009, 0x1bd0, 0x3009, 0x0404, 0x0006, 0x0051, 0x2800, /* 148 */

0x3d40, 0x3901, 0x0024, 0x4448, 0x0401, 0x4192, 0x0024, 0x6498, /* 150 */

0x2401, 0x001f, 0x4001, 0x6412, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x0011, 0x2800, /* 158 */

0x3c91, 0x0000, 0x058e, 0x2400, 0x4c4e, 0x0000, 0x0013, 0x0006, /* 160 */

0x0051, 0x0006, 0x1a03, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0xf212, 0x44c4, 0x4346, /* 168 */

0x0024, 0xf400, 0x40d5, 0x3500, 0x8024, 0x612a, 0x0024, 0x0000, /* 170 */

0x0024, 0x2800, 0x4c91, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x3613, 0x0024, 0x3100, /* 178 */

0x3800, 0x2915, 0x7dc0, 0xf200, 0x0024, 0x003f, 0xfec2, 0x4082, /* 180 */

0x4411, 0x3113, 0x1bc0, 0xa122, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x2002, 0x6124, /* 188 */

0x2401, 0x0000, 0x1002, 0x2800, 0x4648, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x003f, /* 190 */

0xf802, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0xb124, 0x0024, 0x2800, 0x4c00, 0x3900, /* 198 */

0x8024, 0x6124, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0802, 0x2800, 0x4888, 0x0000, /* 1a0 */

0x0024, 0x003f, 0xfe02, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0xb124, 0x0024, 0x2800, /* 1a8 */

0x4c00, 0x3900, 0x8024, 0x6124, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0402, 0x2800, /* 1b0 */

0x4ac8, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x003f, 0xff02, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0xb124, /* 1b8 */

0x0024, 0x2800, 0x4c00, 0x3900, 0x8024, 0x6124, 0x0401, 0x003f, /* 1c0 */

0xff82, 0x2800, 0x4c08, 0xb124, 0x0024, 0x3900, 0x8024, 0xb882, /* 1c8 */

0x8c4c, 0x3830, 0x4024, 0x0006, 0x0091, 0x3904, 0xc024, 0x0006, /* 1d0 */

0x00d1, 0x0000, 0x0013, 0x3100, 0x904c, 0x4202, 0x0024, 0x39f0, /* 1d8 */

0x4024, 0x3100, 0x4024, 0x3c00, 0x4024, 0xf400, 0x44c1, 0x34f0, /* 1e0 */

0x8024, 0x6126, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x06d0, 0x2800, 0x5b98, 0x4294, /* 1e8 */

0x0024, 0x2400, 0x5b42, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0xf400, 0x4411, 0x3123, /* 1f0 */

0x0024, 0x3100, 0x8024, 0x4202, 0x0024, 0x4182, 0x2401, 0x0000, /* 1f8 */

0x2002, 0x2800, 0x5b49, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x3013, 0x184c, 0x30f0, /* 200 */

0x7852, 0x6124, 0xb850, 0x0006, 0x0001, 0x2800, 0x55c8, 0x4088, /* 208 */

0x44c2, 0x4224, 0x0024, 0x4122, 0x0024, 0x4122, 0x0024, 0xf400, /* 210 */

0x4051, 0x2900, 0x7200, 0x0000, 0x5708, 0x4224, 0x0024, 0x4122, /* 218 */

0x0024, 0x4122, 0x0024, 0x2900, 0x6780, 0xf400, 0x4051, 0x0002, /* 220 */

0x0002, 0x3009, 0x1bd0, 0x3023, 0x1bd2, 0x30e0, 0x4024, 0x6124, /* 228 */

0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x2800, 0x5b48, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x3613, /* 230 */

0x0024, 0x3e14, 0xc024, 0x2900, 0x1700, 0x3e14, 0x0024, 0x36e3, /* 238 */

0x008c, 0x30e0, 0x8024, 0x6822, 0x4411, 0x3123, 0x0024, 0x3900, /* 240 */

0x4024, 0x3033, 0x0c4c, 0x0006, 0x0011, 0x6892, 0x04c2, 0xa122, /* 248 */

0x0402, 0x6126, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x0093, 0x2800, 0x64c1, 0x0000, /* 250 */

0x0024, 0xb882, 0x184c, 0x3413, 0x3812, 0x0006, 0x00d2, 0x3a00, /* 258 */

0x5bd2, 0x3300, 0x4024, 0x0000, 0x0013, 0x3c00, 0x4024, 0xf400, /* 260 */

0x44c1, 0x34f0, 0x8024, 0x6126, 0x0024, 0x0006, 0x0111, 0x2800, /* 268 */

0x64d8, 0x4294, 0x0024, 0x2400, 0x6482, 0x0000, 0x0024, 0x0003, /* 270 */

0xf001, 0x3101, 0x0024, 0xb412, 0x0024, 0x0028, 0x0001, 0x2800, /* 278 */

0x6485, 0x6144, 0x0024, 0x0004, 0x0002, 0x2800, 0x6441, 0x4422, /* 280 */

0x0024, 0x0000, 0x1002, 0x6422, 0x0024, 0x2800, 0x6480, 0x3900, /* 288 */

0x4024, 0x3900, 0x4024, 0x3113, 0x0c4c, 0x36f3, 0x4024, 0x36f3, /* 290 */

0xd80e, 0x36f4, 0x5813, 0x36f1, 0x5810, 0x36f0, 0xd804, 0x36f0, /* 298 */

0x5802, 0x3405, 0x9014, 0x36f3, 0x0024, 0x36f2, 0x1815, 0x2000, /* 2a0 */

0x0000, 0x36f2, 0x9817, 0x0007, 0x0001, 0x1868, 0x0006, 0x000f, /* 2a8 */

0x0032, 0x004f, 0x007e, 0x00c8, 0x013d, 0x01f8, 0x0320, 0x04f6, /* 2b0 */

0x07e0, 0x0c80, 0x13d8, 0x1f7f, 0x3200, 0x4f5f, 0x61a8, 0x0006, /* 2b8 */

0x8008, 0x0000, 0x0007, 0x0001, 0x819e, 0x0006, 0x0054, 0x3e12, /* 2c0 */

0xb814, 0x0000, 0x800a, 0x3e10, 0x3801, 0x3e10, 0xb803, 0x3e11, /* 2c8 */

0x7806, 0x3e11, 0xf813, 0x3e13, 0xf80e, 0x3e13, 0x4024, 0x3e04, /* 2d0 */

0x7810, 0x449a, 0x0040, 0x0001, 0x0003, 0x2800, 0x70c4, 0x4036, /* 2d8 */

0x03c1, 0x0003, 0xffc2, 0xb326, 0x0024, 0x0018, 0x0042, 0x4326, /* 2e0 */

0x4495, 0x4024, 0x40d2, 0x0000, 0x0180, 0xa100, 0x4090, 0x0010, /* 2e8 */

0x0fc2, 0x4204, 0x0024, 0xbc82, 0x4091, 0x459a, 0x0024, 0x0000, /* 2f0 */

0x0054, 0x2800, 0x6fc4, 0xbd86, 0x4093, 0x2400, 0x6f85, 0xfe01, /* 2f8 */

0x5e0c, 0x5c43, 0x5f2d, 0x5e46, 0x020c, 0x5c56, 0x8a0c, 0x5e53, /* 300 */

0x5e0c, 0x5c43, 0x5f2d, 0x5e46, 0x020c, 0x5c56, 0x8a0c, 0x5e52, /* 308 */

0x0024, 0x4cb2, 0x4405, 0x0018, 0x0044, 0x654a, 0x0024, 0x2800, /* 310 */

0x7dc0, 0x36f4, 0x5810, 0x0007, 0x0001, 0x81c8, 0x0006, 0x0080, /* 318 */

0x3e12, 0xb814, 0x0000, 0x800a, 0x3e10, 0x3801, 0x3e10, 0xb803, /* 320 */

0x3e11, 0x7806, 0x3e11, 0xf813, 0x3e13, 0xf80e, 0x3e13, 0x4024, /* 328 */

0x3e04, 0x7810, 0x449a, 0x0040, 0x0000, 0x0803, 0x2800, 0x7c84, /* 330 */

0x30f0, 0x4024, 0x0fff, 0xfec2, 0xa020, 0x0024, 0x0fff, 0xff02, /* 338 */

0xa122, 0x0024, 0x4036, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x1fc2, 0xb326, 0x0024, /* 340 */

0x0010, 0x4002, 0x4326, 0x4495, 0x4024, 0x40d2, 0x0000, 0x0180, /* 348 */

0xa100, 0x4090, 0x0010, 0x0042, 0x4204, 0x0024, 0xbc82, 0x4091, /* 350 */

0x459a, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0054, 0x2800, 0x7b84, 0xbd86, 0x4093, /* 358 */

0x2400, 0x7b45, 0xfe01, 0x5e0c, 0x5c43, 0x5f2d, 0x5e46, 0x0024, /* 360 */

0x5c56, 0x0024, 0x5e53, 0x5e0c, 0x5c43, 0x5f2d, 0x5e46, 0x0024, /* 368 */

0x5c56, 0x0024, 0x5e52, 0x0024, 0x4cb2, 0x4405, 0x0010, 0x4004, /* 370 */

0x654a, 0x9810, 0x0000, 0x0144, 0xa54a, 0x1bd1, 0x0006, 0x0013, /* 378 */

0x3301, 0xc444, 0x687e, 0x2005, 0xad76, 0x8445, 0x4ed6, 0x8784, /* 380 */

0x36f3, 0x64c2, 0xac72, 0x8785, 0x4ec2, 0xa443, 0x3009, 0x2440, /* 388 */

0x3009, 0x2741, 0x36f3, 0xd80e, 0x36f1, 0xd813, 0x36f1, 0x5806, /* 390 */

0x36f0, 0x9803, 0x36f0, 0x1801, 0x2000, 0x0000, 0x36f2, 0x9814, /* 398 */

0x0007, 0x0001, 0x8208, 0x0006, 0x000e, 0x4c82, 0x0024, 0x0000, /* 3a0 */

0x0024, 0x2000, 0x0005, 0xf5c2, 0x0024, 0x0000, 0x0980, 0x2000, /* 3a8 */

0x0000, 0x6010, 0x0024, 0x000a, 0x0001, 0x0050,

#define PLUGIN_SIZE 950

#ifndef SKIP_PLUGIN_VARNAME

};

#endif

Mini MP3 Player

March 18, 2019May 30, 2019 paul

This little €4 module filled my entire weekend, mainly spent on finding the right documentation and a library that will work on Arduino, ESP8266 and ESP32. It’s a DFPlayer Mini MP3 Player from DFRobot (or, more likely, one of its many clones).

It can play MP3 and WAV files, stored on an SD card in the onboard card reader or from an attached USB drive. So far, I only tested MP3 files from SD.

You can connect one (4 Ω) speaker to the (quite impressive) onboard mono amplifier. Stereo line output is said to be provided on the DAC_R and DAC_L pins.

The main control method of this player is via commands over the module’s 9600 baud serial port. A subset of most commonly used commands can also be executed by means of two GPIO pins and/or two resistor-sensitive ‘ADKEY’ pins.

I made a false start by testing it on an ESP32 over hardware serial. That didn’t seem to work, so I tried an ESP8266 over software serial. That didn’t work either, and I had reached the point of giving up, assuming it was just another Chinese fake, when I gave it one more try on my good old Arduino Uno. With a quick & dirty 1K resistor for level shifting the module’s RX pin, the example sketch of one of many libraries finally made the little guy play me a song! In the end, it was the power supply that made the difference.

Some important things that I learned so far:

The module works best when powered by a stable 5 Volt. My Arduino Uno and Wemos D1 R2 could deliver it from their 5V pin, smaller ESP8266 and ESP32 boards couldn’t. In that case: use a separate 5 Volt power supply.
Wiring as suggested here caused a shutdown of my laptop’s usb port! I’m still searching for a way to connect the module to ESP32.
The module operates on 3.3 V logic level, so make sure to level shift the connection to the module’s RX pin when using a 5 V microcontoller.
Startup noise disappeared after I connected both GND pins from the player to ground.
Although it’s for a Flyron FN-M16P module, this excellent manual/datasheet has more and better written information than DFRobot’s own poorly translated summary. Apparently both modules use the same commands and probably have the same chip.
Getting stereo ouput from the DAC pins is still a problem. According to the manual, DAC is enabled on startup, but is it? Explicitely enabling it by sending 0x0000 to memory address 0x1A made no difference while sending 0x0001 instead (supposed to turn it off) started a terrible noise…
I tested quite some libraries from github, most of which have issues [update: starting sketches with delay(1000); solved most of them] and seem unnecessarily complicated to me. An exception is this simple and transparent library that is basically just a wrapper for sending serial commands. It can easily be extended with additional methods, even by unexperienced C++ programmers. You just have to lookup the command- and parameter bytes for the desired function in the datasheet and create a new function to send them (see example at the bottom of this page). [update: the author of the library has meanwhile added more commands]
The module has an SPK_1 and an SPK_2 pin, with a GND pin in between, which could suggest that it has a stereo amplifier. Although the documentation clearly says it’s mono, someone actually published a wiring diagram with two speakers connected. This person may own a different version of the module, but mine definitely has a mono amplifier. So the two wires of a single speaker should go to the SPK pins.

[ Wiring for Arduino Uno, with SoftSerial on pins 10 and 11; don’t forget the 1K resistor! ]

The location of files and their names is also very important because of the way commands address them. All information can be found in the datasheet, but here’s a summary:

The SD card’s maximum size is 32 GB. It must be FAT or FAT32 formatted.
There can be up to 3000 .mp3 (or .wav) files in the root directory of the SD card, named 0001.mp3 to 3000.mp3.
The root can have up to 99 subdirectories, named 01, 02, … 99. Each of these subdirectories can hold up to 255 files. Their names must start with 001, 002, … 255, but you can append decriptive titles to these files, e.g. 007_James_Bond_Tune.mp3.
You can have a special subdirectory in the root named MP3. This can hold up to 3000 files, named 0001.mp3 to 3000.mp3.
You can also have a subdirecory ADVERT in the root. Special commands are available for making tracks in this folder interrupt currently playing tracks from the MP3 folder (for advertisement puposes). The rules for the MP3 subdirectory apply here as well.
Don’t create subdirectories inside subdirectories.
The module does not actually use file- or directory names, but the order of files and directories in the SD card’s FAT. The previously mentioned naming conventions just try to give you control over that order. If you properly organize your audio files in a folder on your PC first, and then copy that entire structure to a freshly formatted SD card, then (in theory) the FAT order should match the file- and directory numbering. See also this tool

Apart from adding some extra functions to the above mentioned library, I still have to find out how to reliably receive and read the module’s response to commands and queries. Once that I’m in full control over this (for its price) remarkably versatile module, it will be useful for a couple of ‘talking’ projects that I have in mind. Probably just mono and not ESP32 driven, but anyway: lots of fun for just €4.

Here’s an example of a function that I added to the DFPlayerMini_Fast library. Calling play_in_dir(2, 5) will play file 005.mp3 in subdirectory 02.

Using an existing function as a template, I first added my new function to the DFPlayerMini_Fast.cpp file:

void DFPlayerMini_Fast::play_in_dir(uint16_t dirNum,uint16_t fileNum)
{
  commandValue = PLAY_IN_DIR_COMMAND;
  paramMSB = dirNum;
  paramLSB = fileNum;
  
  findChecksum();
  sendData();
  
  return;
}

void DFPlayerMini_Fast::play_in_dir(uint16_t dirNum,uint16_t fileNum)

{

commandValue = PLAY_IN_DIR_COMMAND;

paramMSB = dirNum;

paramLSB = fileNum;

findChecksum();

sendData();

return;

}

Then I added these two accompanying lines to the DFPlayerMini_Fast.h header file:

#define PLAY_IN_DIR_COMMAND 0x0F

1	#define PLAY_IN_DIR_COMMAND 0x0F

and (inside the code for the class):

void play_in_dir(uint16_t dirNum,uint16_t fileNum);

1	void play_in_dir(uint16_t dirNum,uint16_t fileNum);

Explanation: according to the datasheet, the 10 (hexadecimal) bytes that have to be sent (by the sendData() function) to play track 005.mp3 in directory 02 are:

7E FF 06 0F 00 02 05 xx xx EF

7E FF 06 are the first three bytes for every command. The following 0F is de code for ‘play a file in a direcory’, the following 00 means ‘no confirmation feedback needed’ and is followed by the two parameters for the desired directory- and file number: 02 and 05. Then comes xx xx which are two checksum bytes that will be calculated and replaced by the findChecksum() function of the library before the command is sent by sendData(). Finally, every command has to be closed by EF.

As you can see, my newly added function play_in_dir() takes two parameters only, corresponding with two bytes in the command sequence. All other bytes of the sequence are either fixed or calculated by the findChecksum() function.

LOLIN TFT-2.4 Shield

February 10, 2019December 2, 2020 paul

Here’s a well designed new display from Wemos Electronics. They call it a (D1 Mini) Shield, but instead of going on top of a Wemos D1 Mini (Pro), it lets you plug in the Mini at the back of the 2.4″ TFT touch screen display, leaving all GPIO pins accessible, thanks to double header rows. Very useful!

This table shows the internal pin mapping when used as a shield. For TFT_LED, TFT_RST and TS_CS, this mapping can be changed by closing solder bridges at the back of the display (default NC for TFT_LED means “backlight always on”).

The default pin mapping leaves I²C pins D1 and D2, as well as D4, A0, TX and RX available for other purposes. With my Wemos Mini Pro v2 plugged in, this shield has become my first choice for battery powered esp8266 projects that require a display.

Note: the backlight can also be controlled by the D1 Mini without closing the solder bridge: just connect the pin marked “LED” of the shield’s 12-pins header to a free GPIO of your choice and make this an OUTPUT. Pulling it LOW will switch the backlight OFF. In order to make it stay OFF when the ESP2866 goes into deep sleep, power the shield over a mosfet controlled by a GPIO.

But there’s more. All pins are also broken out to a breadboard-friendly header and to a TFT connector. Connecting the display to a D32 Pro (that also has a TFT connector) now requires only one (special) cable! The picture shows the connector’s pinout.

The 320×240 display uses the well-proven ili9341 chip, for which I already wrote a lot of sketches, both for esp8266 and esp32 boards. The XPT2046 library can be used to drive the touch screen.

I tested several sketches on a plugged-in Mini Pro, as well as a TFT cable-connected D32 Pro, and everything worked fine. Example sketches on the Wemos site use Adafruit’s ili9341 library, but I prefer the much faster TFT_eSPI library with built-in touch screen support.

Here’s a video showing the display in action:

Conclusion: this is a well-thought product that makes solderless wiring very convenient and stable. Recommended!

Quest for Fire

October 21, 2018February 5, 2020 paul

By no means a gamer myself, I’ve always been interested in the math behind the graphics in video games. A previous post showed how simple clouds can be produced by the Diamond-Square algorithm, running on an esp8266. That algorithm can generate maps and landscapes as well.

Another visual effect on my todo list was algorithmically simulated fire.

The video shows my first attempt on a small TFT display. I had to write a relatively simple algorithm, because it needs to run on a microcontroller. Some further experimenting with the color palette, weighting factors and randomization, as well as adding Perlin noise, will hopefully result in a more realistic fire. I also plan to add a rotary encoder for regulating the ‘fire’.

[Update: a newer version is here]

// Simple fire simulation on tft display; sketch is for esp32.
// Uses bodmer's TFT_eSPI library.
// paulF 2018

#include <TFT_eSPI.h>
TFT_eSPI tft;
// min() and max() macros for esp32; not needed for esp8266
#define min(X, Y) (((X)<(Y))?(X):(Y))
#define max(X, Y) (((X)>(Y))?(X):(Y))

const int rows=80;
const int cols=160;
int ci,ri;
float fire[cols][rows+2]; //160 columns; 80 visible and 2 invisible rows
float colfactor[cols];
float coolrow[cols];

float pidivcols = 3.14159265/160.0; 
float f1 = 0.188; // weighting factor left & right
float f2 = 0.22;  // weighting factor 1 row below
float f3 = 0.20;  // weighting factor 2 rows below
float f4 = 0.19;  // weighting factor old value
uint16_t palette[128];

void setup() {
  randomSeed(esp_random());  // works for esp32
  tft.begin();
  tft.setRotation(1);    // landscape
  tft.fillScreen(0);     // black           

  fill_palette();

  for (ci=0;ci<cols;ci++) {
    colfactor[ci] = 1.0+0.006*(sin(ci*pidivcols)-1);
  }
}

void loop() {
  // fill two lowest (invisible) rows with random fire source
  for (ci=0; ci<cols; ci++) {
    int r1 = random(8);  
    int r2 = random(8); 
    fire[ci][rows+1] = 128- pow(2,r1);  // random values 127, 126, 124, 120, 112, 96, 64, 0
    fire[ci][rows] = 128- pow(2,r2);    // random values 127, 126, 124, 120, 112, 96, 64, 0
    coolrow[ci] = random(45);  // some random cooling
  }

  for (ri=rows-1; ri>=0;ri--) {
    // left pixel (wrapping):
    fire[0][ri] = colfactor[0]*(f1*(fire[cols-1][ri+1] + fire[1][ri+1]) + f2*fire[0][ri+1] + f3*fire[0][ri+2] + f4*fire[0][ri]);
    tft.fillRect(0,2*ri,2,2,palette[(int)fire[0][ri]]);

    // right pixel (wrapping):
    fire[cols-1][ri] = colfactor[cols-1]*(f1*(fire[cols-2][ri+1] + fire[0][ri+1]) + f2*fire[cols-1][ri+1] + f3*fire[cols-1][ri+2] + f4*fire[cols-1][ri]);
    tft.fillRect((cols-1)*2,2*ri,2,2,palette[(int)fire[cols-1][ri]]);
    
    // rest of row pixels:
    for (ci=1;ci<cols-1;ci++) {
      if (coolrow[ci] == ri) {
        fire[ci][ri] = (random(40)+2*(colfactor[ci]*(f1*(fire[ci-1][ri+1] + fire[ci+1][ri+1]) + f2*fire[ci][ri+1] + f3*fire[ci][ri+2] + f4*fire[ci][ri])))/3;
      } else {
        fire[ci][ri] = colfactor[ci]*(f1*(fire[ci-1][ri+1] + fire[ci+1][ri+1]) + f2*fire[ci][ri+1] + f3*fire[ci][ri+2] + f4*fire[ci][ri]);
      }
      tft.fillRect(ci*2,2*ri,2,2,palette[(int)fire[ci][ri]]);
    }
  } 
}

void fill_palette() {
  float r,g,b;
  r = 31.0; g = 63.0; b = 23.0;
  palette[127] = ((int)r<<11) + ((int)g<<5) +(int) b;
  for (int i=126;i>95;i--) {
    b=b-0.5;
    palette[i] = ((int)r<<11) + ((int)g<<5) +(int) b;
  }
  for (int i=95;i>63;i--) {
    g=g-1.5;
    palette[i] = ((int)r<<11) + ((int)g<<5) +(int) b;
  }
  for (int i=63;i>47;i--) {
    r=max(0.0,r-1.0);
    g=max(g-1.0,0.0);
    b=max(b-0.5,0.0);
    palette[i] = ((int)r<<11) + ((int)g<<5) +(int) b;
  }
  for (int i=47;i>15;i--) {
    r=max(0.0,r-0.5);
    palette[i] = ((int)r<<11) + ((int)g<<5) +(int) b;
  }
  for (int i=15;i>=0;i--) {
    r=max(0.0,r-1.0);
    palette[i] = ((int)r<<11) + ((int)g<<5) +(int) b;
  }
}

// Simple fire simulation on tft display; sketch is for esp32.

// Uses bodmer's TFT_eSPI library.

// paulF 2018

#include <TFT_eSPI.h>

TFT_eSPI tft;

// min() and max() macros for esp32; not needed for esp8266

#define min(X, Y) (((X)<(Y))?(X):(Y))

#define max(X, Y) (((X)>(Y))?(X):(Y))

const int rows=80;

const int cols=160;

int ci,ri;

float fire[cols][rows+2]; //160 columns; 80 visible and 2 invisible rows

float colfactor[cols];

float coolrow[cols];

float pidivcols = 3.14159265/160.0;

float f1 = 0.188; // weighting factor left & right

float f2 = 0.22; // weighting factor 1 row below

float f3 = 0.20; // weighting factor 2 rows below

float f4 = 0.19; // weighting factor old value

uint16_t palette[128];

void setup() {

randomSeed(esp_random()); // works for esp32

tft.begin();

tft.setRotation(1); // landscape

tft.fillScreen(0); // black

fill_palette();

for (ci=0;ci<cols;ci++) {

colfactor[ci] = 1.0+0.006*(sin(ci*pidivcols)-1);

}

void loop() {

// fill two lowest (invisible) rows with random fire source

for (ci=0; ci<cols; ci++) {

int r1 = random(8);

int r2 = random(8);

fire[ci][rows+1] = 128- pow(2,r1); // random values 127, 126, 124, 120, 112, 96, 64, 0

fire[ci][rows] = 128- pow(2,r2); // random values 127, 126, 124, 120, 112, 96, 64, 0

coolrow[ci] = random(45); // some random cooling

}

for (ri=rows-1; ri>=0;ri--) {

// left pixel (wrapping):

fire[0][ri] = colfactor[0]*(f1*(fire[cols-1][ri+1] + fire[1][ri+1]) + f2*fire[0][ri+1] + f3*fire[0][ri+2] + f4*fire[0][ri]);

tft.fillRect(0,2*ri,2,2,palette[(int)fire[0][ri]]);

// right pixel (wrapping):

fire[cols-1][ri] = colfactor[cols-1]*(f1*(fire[cols-2][ri+1] + fire[0][ri+1]) + f2*fire[cols-1][ri+1] + f3*fire[cols-1][ri+2] + f4*fire[cols-1][ri]);

tft.fillRect((cols-1)*2,2*ri,2,2,palette[(int)fire[cols-1][ri]]);

// rest of row pixels:

for (ci=1;ci<cols-1;ci++) {

if (coolrow[ci] == ri) {

fire[ci][ri] = (random(40)+2*(colfactor[ci]*(f1*(fire[ci-1][ri+1] + fire[ci+1][ri+1]) + f2*fire[ci][ri+1] + f3*fire[ci][ri+2] + f4*fire[ci][ri])))/3;

} else {

fire[ci][ri] = colfactor[ci]*(f1*(fire[ci-1][ri+1] + fire[ci+1][ri+1]) + f2*fire[ci][ri+1] + f3*fire[ci][ri+2] + f4*fire[ci][ri]);

}

tft.fillRect(ci*2,2*ri,2,2,palette[(int)fire[ci][ri]]);

}

void fill_palette() {

float r,g,b;

r = 31.0; g = 63.0; b = 23.0;

palette[127] = ((int)r<<11) + ((int)g<<5) +(int) b;

for (int i=126;i>95;i--) {

b=b-0.5;